See yow in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "you"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "you"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "ang:ēow",
"tree": "+"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Germanic *izwiz\nProto-West Germanic *iwwiz\nOld English ēow\nMiddle English yow",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "ēow"
},
"expansion": "Old English ēow",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*iwwiz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *iwwiz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*izwiz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *izwiz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en-ear",
"2": "shewer",
"t": "shower"
},
"expansion": "Early Modern English shewer (“shower”)",
"name": "m+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Germanic *izwiz\nProto-West Germanic *iwwiz\nOld English ēow\nMiddle English yow\nFrom Old English ēow, from Proto-West Germanic *iwwiz, from Proto-Germanic *izwiz.\nWhile /j/ would be sometimes expected due to the \"breaking\" of Old English /e͜oːw/, its universality is probably due to the analogy with ye, while the usual vocalism in /uː/ rather than expected /iu̯/ (or /ɔu̯/ when \"broken\") is perhaps due to low stress or dissimilation from the initial /j/.\nLate Middle English /jiu̯/ is probably not a continuation of early /iu̯/ but rather reflects the influence of /j/ (either upon /uː/ or the diphthong that resulted from the initial stages of the Great Vowel Shift); compare Early Modern English shewer (“shower”), yewth (“youth”). The alternative late Middle English and Early Modern English form where /uː/ remains undiphthongised either represents an alternative treatment after /j/ or a generalised unstressed form.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "ye",
"tags": [
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "gow",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "ȝeu",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "ȝew",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "ȝou",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "ȝow",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "ȝouȝ",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "ȝo",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "yaw",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "yew",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "you",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "yw",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "æu",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "eo",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "eou",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "eow",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "eowe",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "eu",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "euwȝ",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "geau",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "geu",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "giu",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "ȝehw",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "ȝeow",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "ȝiu",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "heou",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "heu",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "ȝuw",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Ormulum"
]
},
{
"form": "ȝaw",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Late-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "ȝewe",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Late-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "ȝiow",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Late-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "ȝowe",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Late-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "ȝw",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Late-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "yo",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Late-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "yoe",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Late-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "youe",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Late-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "yowe",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Late-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "gu",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"East-Anglia"
]
},
{
"form": "ȝu",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"East-Anglia"
]
},
{
"form": "ȝhow",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Northern"
]
},
{
"form": "ȝhowe",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Northern"
]
},
{
"form": "ȝue",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Northern"
]
},
{
"form": "yhow",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Northern"
]
},
{
"form": "yu",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Northern"
]
},
{
"form": "ȝowȝ",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Southern"
]
},
{
"form": "yogh",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Southern"
]
},
{
"form": "hou",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "ou",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "ow",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "owe",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "pronoun",
"3": "nominative",
"4": "ye"
},
"expansion": "yow (nominative ye)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "pron",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "I"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "ich"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "ik"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "me"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "minmi1"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "min"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "þou"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "þe"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "þinþi1"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "þin"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "he"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "himhine2"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "him"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "his"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "hishisen"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "sche"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "heo"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "hireheo"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "hire"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "hirehires"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "hiren"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "hit"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "hithim2"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "—"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "wit"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "unk"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "unker"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "ȝit"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "inc"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "inker"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "we"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "us"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "ous"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "oure"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "oureoures"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "ouren"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "ye"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "your"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "youryoures"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "youren"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "hemhe2"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "hem"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "here"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "hereheres"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "heren"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "þei"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "þem"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "þeim"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "þeir"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "þeirþeires"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "þeiren"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "15 11 10 1 31 31",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 7 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 7 6 1 39 39",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with etymology trees",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "51 49",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English personal pronouns",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English pronouns",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using etymon with no ID",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "51 49",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymology trees",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"ref": "c. 1395, Geoffrey Chaucer, \"The Clerk's Tale\", Canterbury Tales, Ellesmere manuscript (c. 1410)",
"text": "certes lord / so wel vs liketh yow / And al youre werk / and euere han doon / þat we / Ne koude nat vs self deuysen how / We myghte lyuen / in moore felicitee [...].",
"translation": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Second-person plural object pronoun: you (plural)."
],
"id": "en-yow-enm-pron-jP2E~-~7",
"links": [
[
"you",
"you#English"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "15 11 10 1 31 31",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 7 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 7 6 1 39 39",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with etymology trees",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "51 49",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English personal pronouns",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English pronouns",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using etymon with no ID",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "51 49",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymology trees",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"second-person singular object pronoun: you (singular)."
],
"id": "en-yow-enm-pron-5t7PAWqi",
"links": [
[
"you",
"you#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(formal) second-person singular object pronoun: you (singular)."
],
"tags": [
"formal"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/juː/"
},
{
"ipa": "/jiu̯/",
"tags": [
"Late-Middle-English",
"also"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/uː/",
"note": "West Midland"
},
{
"ipa": "/iu̯/",
"tags": [
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ju/",
"tags": [
"unstressed"
]
}
],
"word": "yow"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English entries with etymology trees",
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English personal pronouns",
"Middle English pronouns",
"Middle English terms derived from Old English",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Pages using etymon with no ID",
"Pages with 7 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Pages with etymology trees"
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "you"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "you"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "ang:ēow",
"tree": "+"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Germanic *izwiz\nProto-West Germanic *iwwiz\nOld English ēow\nMiddle English yow",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "ēow"
},
"expansion": "Old English ēow",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*iwwiz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *iwwiz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*izwiz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *izwiz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en-ear",
"2": "shewer",
"t": "shower"
},
"expansion": "Early Modern English shewer (“shower”)",
"name": "m+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Germanic *izwiz\nProto-West Germanic *iwwiz\nOld English ēow\nMiddle English yow\nFrom Old English ēow, from Proto-West Germanic *iwwiz, from Proto-Germanic *izwiz.\nWhile /j/ would be sometimes expected due to the \"breaking\" of Old English /e͜oːw/, its universality is probably due to the analogy with ye, while the usual vocalism in /uː/ rather than expected /iu̯/ (or /ɔu̯/ when \"broken\") is perhaps due to low stress or dissimilation from the initial /j/.\nLate Middle English /jiu̯/ is probably not a continuation of early /iu̯/ but rather reflects the influence of /j/ (either upon /uː/ or the diphthong that resulted from the initial stages of the Great Vowel Shift); compare Early Modern English shewer (“shower”), yewth (“youth”). The alternative late Middle English and Early Modern English form where /uː/ remains undiphthongised either represents an alternative treatment after /j/ or a generalised unstressed form.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "ye",
"tags": [
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "gow",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "ȝeu",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "ȝew",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "ȝou",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "ȝow",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "ȝouȝ",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "ȝo",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "yaw",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "yew",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "you",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "yw",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "æu",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "eo",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "eou",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "eow",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "eowe",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "eu",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "euwȝ",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "geau",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "geu",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "giu",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "ȝehw",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "ȝeow",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "ȝiu",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "heou",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "heu",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "ȝuw",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Ormulum"
]
},
{
"form": "ȝaw",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Late-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "ȝewe",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Late-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "ȝiow",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Late-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "ȝowe",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Late-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "ȝw",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Late-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "yo",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Late-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "yoe",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Late-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "youe",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Late-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "yowe",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Late-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "gu",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"East-Anglia"
]
},
{
"form": "ȝu",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"East-Anglia"
]
},
{
"form": "ȝhow",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Northern"
]
},
{
"form": "ȝhowe",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Northern"
]
},
{
"form": "ȝue",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Northern"
]
},
{
"form": "yhow",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Northern"
]
},
{
"form": "yu",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Northern"
]
},
{
"form": "ȝowȝ",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Southern"
]
},
{
"form": "yogh",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Southern"
]
},
{
"form": "hou",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "ou",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "ow",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "owe",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "pronoun",
"3": "nominative",
"4": "ye"
},
"expansion": "yow (nominative ye)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "pron",
"related": [
{
"word": "I"
},
{
"word": "ich"
},
{
"word": "ik"
},
{
"word": "me"
},
{
"word": "minmi1"
},
{
"word": "min"
},
{
"word": "þou"
},
{
"word": "þe"
},
{
"word": "þinþi1"
},
{
"word": "þin"
},
{
"word": "he"
},
{
"word": "himhine2"
},
{
"word": "him"
},
{
"word": "his"
},
{
"word": "hishisen"
},
{
"word": "sche"
},
{
"word": "heo"
},
{
"word": "hireheo"
},
{
"word": "hire"
},
{
"word": "hirehires"
},
{
"word": "hiren"
},
{
"word": "hit"
},
{
"word": "hithim2"
},
{
"word": "—"
},
{
"word": "wit"
},
{
"word": "unk"
},
{
"word": "unker"
},
{
"word": "ȝit"
},
{
"word": "inc"
},
{
"word": "inker"
},
{
"word": "we"
},
{
"word": "us"
},
{
"word": "ous"
},
{
"word": "oure"
},
{
"word": "oureoures"
},
{
"word": "ouren"
},
{
"word": "ye"
},
{
"word": "your"
},
{
"word": "youryoures"
},
{
"word": "youren"
},
{
"word": "hemhe2"
},
{
"word": "hem"
},
{
"word": "here"
},
{
"word": "hereheres"
},
{
"word": "heren"
},
{
"word": "þei"
},
{
"word": "þem"
},
{
"word": "þeim"
},
{
"word": "þeir"
},
{
"word": "þeirþeires"
},
{
"word": "þeiren"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Middle English terms with quotations",
"Requests for translations of Middle English quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"ref": "c. 1395, Geoffrey Chaucer, \"The Clerk's Tale\", Canterbury Tales, Ellesmere manuscript (c. 1410)",
"text": "certes lord / so wel vs liketh yow / And al youre werk / and euere han doon / þat we / Ne koude nat vs self deuysen how / We myghte lyuen / in moore felicitee [...].",
"translation": "(please add an English translation of this quotation)",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Second-person plural object pronoun: you (plural)."
],
"links": [
[
"you",
"you#English"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle English formal terms"
],
"glosses": [
"second-person singular object pronoun: you (singular)."
],
"links": [
[
"you",
"you#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(formal) second-person singular object pronoun: you (singular)."
],
"tags": [
"formal"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/juː/"
},
{
"ipa": "/jiu̯/",
"tags": [
"Late-Middle-English",
"also"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/uː/",
"note": "West Midland"
},
{
"ipa": "/iu̯/",
"tags": [
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ju/",
"tags": [
"unstressed"
]
}
],
"word": "yow"
}
Download raw JSONL data for yow meaning in Middle English (7.5kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Middle English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-03-25 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-03-03 using wiktextract (05c257f and 9d9a410). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.